Highly Active Calcium Oxide Derived from Scallop Shell for Used Cooking Oil Transesterification Reaction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The liquid additive grinding method was used to improve the specific surface area (SSA) of calcium oxide (CaO) derived from scallop shells as a sustainable resource. Grinding was carried out using a planetary ball mill on a laboratory scale by stepwise addition of some polar and non-polar solvents to determine CaO grinding limit. The crystalline phase of CaO was determined by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and SSA was observed based on Brunauer, Emmet, and Teller (BET) method. The mechanism of grinding was obtained from the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The SSA of CaO was increased in proportion to the amount of the liquid additive and grinding time up to 102 m2 g-1 while the CaO phase was retained even after the addition of liquid according to the spectra of Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR). The high conversion of triglyceride from used cooking oil to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) up to 99% was obtained within an hour at 65℃.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".