Fate of dissolved organics and generated sulfate ions during biofiltration of oil sands process water pretreated with sulfate radical advanced oxidation process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fate of dissolved organics and sulfate ions was studied in fixed bed biofilters (FBBs) treating pre-treated oil sands process water (OSPW) in the presence of industrially relevant substrates namely petroleum coke (PC) and sand. For pre-treatment, the solar-activated sulfate radical advanced oxidation process (SR-AOP) was performed using 2.5 and 5 mM peroxymonosulfate (PMS) as a precursor with solar irradiation of 119.5 W h m −2 . Excellent degradation of naphthenic acids (NAs) was attained by SR-AOP, attaining 88 % and 97 % total NAs after 9 h of treatment at 2.5 and 5 mM of PMS, respectively. However, the treatment increased the toxicity due to byproducts and metabolites following the poor removal of dissolved organics, i.e., 13 % and 21.5 %, respectively. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry (EPR) analysis exhibited that hydroxyl radical ( ⋅ OH) and singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) were the predominant active species produced during SR-AOP. The post-treatment biofiltration improved the mineralization of dissolved organics (45 %) and NAs (99 %) as well as removed the residual toxicity (>80 %). Taxonomy-based transcriptomics analyses (RNA) confirmed the enrichment of microbes involved in the degradation of hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids, methylotrophy, and potentially C(1)-sulfur compounds metabolism. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated the potential of PC to support sulfur deposition, but at slower rates. This study indicates that the produced water can be efficiently reclaimed by using advanced oxidation and biofiltration approaches.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".