The morphology and evolution of the adult head of Adephaga (Insecta: Coleoptera)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The adult head of representatives of different adephagan families – aquatic, semiaquatic and terrestrial – were examined and compared. External and internal structures were described and documented in detail for the genera Trachypachus (Trachypachidae), Haliplus (Haliplidae), Amphizoa (Amphizoidae) and the recently discovered Aspidytes (Aspidytidae). A list of characters of potential phylogenetic relevance was compiled and the data matrix combined with the large data set of thoracic and abdominal features for different life stages. The cladistic analysis of this comprehensive data matrix of 138 characters for 16 taxa covering all adephagan families led to one most parsimonous tree. The monophyly of the Geadephaga (Trachypachidae + Carabidae) is strongly supported. The Gyrinidae are the sistergroup of all remaining adephagan beetles. The Meruidae are sister to the Dytiscoidea and both together form the sistergroup of the Haliplidae. The sistergroup relationship of Aspidytidae and Amphizoidae is confirmed. The placement of Meruidae is impeded by the lack of larval characters. It may change when information on structural features of immature stages becomes available. The Trachypachidae, a small relict family with its greatest diversity and distribution in the early Mesozoic, probably come close to the last common ancestor of the Adephaga in the structural features of the adult head. They share structural similarities with the aquatic Dytiscoidea and the terrestrial Carabidae. It is hypothesized that the common ancestor of Adephaga had a relatively unspecialised head morphology and was a predator, possibly with a preference for a riparian habitat. Adaptations for an aquatic environment evolved at least two times and possibly even three times independently. Within these lineages a great diversity of different life styles developed such as the highly specialised surface gliding Gyrinidae, the hygropetric Aspidytidae, the strongly miniaturised Meruidae or the algophagous Haliplidae.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".