Phylogeny of the Corynura group, an endemic southern South American clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae), and a revision of Corynura
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Corynura Spinola, Callistochlora Michener and Halictillus Moure are the only taxa of Augochlorini endemic to southern South America. They are phylogenetically close, comprising a clade sister to all other augochlorines, which are mainly distributed in tropical America. Corynura and Callistochlora are common bees in Chile and the Argentinean Patagonia, while Halictillus inhabits also central Argentina and southern Brazil. A phylogenetic parsimony analysis of 93 morphological characters coded for 25 species supports the monophyly of each of the three taxa, of the clade formed by them, and their sister relationship to the remaining Augochlorini genera. Our analyses suggest Callistochlora as sister to Hallictillus + Corynura. Callistochlora, which has been treated as a subgenus of Corynura, is elevated to genus level. The study of the gradulus of the sterna, a structure usually ignored in morphological analysis, helped in the resolution of the group. A revision of Corynura is presented. We recognize 19 valid species, of which five are described as new: C. callaina sp.n., C. challhuacoensis sp.n., C. condita sp.n., C. luisae sp.n., and C. nahuelita sp.n. The males of C. apicata Sichel, C. patagonica Cockerell and C. spadiciventris Alfken are described for the first time. The following are new synonyms: Rhopalictus callicladurus Cockerell syn.n. is a junior synonym of C. ampliata (Alfken); Halictus analis Herbst syn.n. and C. heterochlora Alfken syn.n. are junior synonyms of C. bruchiana (Schrottky); Rhopalictus corinogaster chiloeensis Cockerell syn.n. is a junior synonym of C. corinogaster (Spinola); R. chloronotus Cockerell syn.n. and R. melanocladus Cockerell syn.n. are junior synonyms of C. herbsti (Alfken). Neotypes are designated to stabilize the usage of three names: Halictus apicatus Sichel, Halictus bruchianus Schrottky, and Corynura gayi Spinola. Lectotypes are designated for six names: Halictus (Corynura) atrovirens Herbst, Halictus analis Herbst, Halictus (Corynura) herbsti Alfken, Halictus spinolae Friese, Corynura lepida Alfken, and Corynura spadiciventris Alfken. Diagnoses, comments on the type specimens, floral associations, notes on variation within species, images, distributional data and a key to the species are provided.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".