Bibliographic record
Abstract
From at least as early as the Hundred Years War, when the Scots in their thousands fought for pay, land and honour in French service, to the interwar years of the twentieth century, when they flooded out to Canada and other trans-oceanic destinations, the Scots were a people quick to seek their fortunes abroad by temporary or permanent migration.It was a national propensity only checked after 1945 by the collapse of the British Empire, which ended several centuries of movement by officials, soldiers and fortune hunters to Africa, Asia and the West Indies, and by the new restrictions on immigration to the United States and the white dominions, as the wide open spaces filled up and the better jobs in their economies were reserved to the native-born.The scale of the population movement relative to the size of Scotland was extraordinary, and it resulted in a diaspora of many millions of Scottish descent scattered across the earth, some with a warm sentimental regard for their roots, others with barely any consciousness of them.The great exodus from Scotland has received varying degrees of attention from historians. 1 Broadly speaking, the Atlantic and Antipodean migrations of settlement have been the focus of much attention from scholars in several countries, with analyses of varying depth and sophistication.There has likewise been distinguished work, some published and some in progress, on the Scottish contribution to the British Empire. 2 But these events took place
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.707 | 0.678 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".