Liquid–liquid dispersion system in a moving baffle OBC: a numerical and theoretical study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Liquid-liquid dispersion is prevalent in the chemical industries to create a larger interface between the phases that can intensify the chemical processes, such as liquid extractions and heterogeneous reactions. Oscillatory baffled columns (OBCs) have emerged as alternatives to conventional commercial columns in which external components apply an oscillating flow. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach coupled with the factorial design of the experiment method was employed to study the effect of main geometrical and operational factors, including free baffle area (known as α), amplitude, and frequency along with their interactions on minimum droplet diameter (dmin), maximum droplet diameter (dmax), and Sauter mean diameter (d32). The ANOVA p-values showed that the interaction between frequency and all the other main factors was insignificant for all responses. In addition, α did not have a significant impact on the dmax in the system, and amplitude had the most substantial impact on all the responses (i.e., dmin, dmax, and d32) among all the factors. It was found that the higher amplitude, higher frequency, and smaller α resulted in smaller d32 which can provide higher interfacial area, higher mass transfer, and higher reaction rate for the processes such as suspension polymerization and liquid-liquid extractions. In addition, the larger α provided a narrower range of droplets (dmax−dmin), which is of significance for polymerization processes. Mathematical models were also developed for dmin, dmax, and d32 using regression analysis with a reasonable level of accuracy. For the first time, semi-theoretical models were proposed for dmin and dmax in an OBC by combining the models existing in the literature for dmin and dmax and a quasi-steady-state model for energy dissipation rate in an OBC. The proposed models can be used to predict the parameters mentioned above by having geometrical and operational parameters, which help design suitable OBCs for a desired liquid-liquid dispersion system. A visual assessment of the d32 and the dispersed phase volume fraction was also accomplished, showing larger droplets tended to be closer to the wall. Besides, a very uniform dispersed phase volume fraction throughout the OBC indicated the suitability of the column for such processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".