Multitemporal hyperspectral imaging to classify herbicide-resistant and -susceptible kochia (Bassia scoparia)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study evaluates a hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technique to identify herbicide-resistant kochia (Bassia scoparia) biotypes to support weed management in cropping systems. The experiment was conducted under controlled-environment where glyphosate was applied to six different kochia populations. For each population (72 cell tray of plants), half of the plants were sprayed with Glyphosate 900 g ae ha-1 , while the other half remained an untreated control. Hyperspectral images were acquired over five time points spanning from glyphosate treatment to 15 days after treatment (DAT) using a proximal HSI system (Specim-IQ) with 204 spectral bands from 397nm to 1003nm. The average reflectances were extracted from plants that were characterized as glyphosate-resistant or-susceptible. We first analyzed the temporal variations of the spectra with and without the application of herbicide. The spectral profile exploits the advantages of temporal features in biotype discrimination. Random forest algorithms were used to classify the glyphosate-resistant and-susceptible populations, by using reflectance at optimal wavelengths (near-infrared) and various vegetation indices with high correlations with visual ratings. Based on the classification accuracy, the most important wavebands and vegetation indices were determined to classify the weed biotypes. Preliminary results show that 1) For the untreated plants, the reflectance at red-edge to near-infrared reached the highest level on 8 DAT, revealing the highest chlorophyll content in the leaves. Then, the reflectance declined until 15 DAT. 2) In contrast, strong effects of glyphosate were captured on 8 DAT for the three herbicide-susceptible populations. For the three glyphosate-resistant populations, reflectance at red-edge to near-infrared did not increase from 1 to 8 DAT, which was opposite of the controlled plants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".