Cumulative exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from pregnancy to age 12 years and bone health in early adolescence: the HOME Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) concentrations during pregnancy and childhood have been inversely associated with childhood bone mineral density (BMD). Because bone remodeling is ongoing throughout childhood, cumulative PFAS exposure may be more strongly related to bone accrual than measures at a single time point. We estimated associations of cumulative exposure to PFAS and their mixture from pregnancy through early adolescence with BMD at age 12 years. Methods: We quantified concentrations of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate, perfluorohexanesulfonate, and perfluorooctanesulfonate in maternal serum collected at 16 weeks gestation and child serum collected at ages 3, 8, and 12 years among 222 mother-child pairs in the HOME Study (Cincinnati, OH; enrollment 2003-2006). For each PFAS, we estimated cumulative exposure as the area under the curve (AUC) of each participant’s serial PFAS concentrations. At age 12 years, we measured BMD at six skeletal sites and calculated height-, age-, sex-, and race-specific Z-scores. We estimated covariate-adjusted differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in Z-scores per interquartile range (IQR) increase in the AUC of each PFAS using linear regression and the PFAS AUC mixture using quantile g-computation. We explored sex differences using sex-stratified models. Results: We observed associations of the PFOA AUC and the PFAS mixture AUC with lower BMD at the 1/3rd distal radius. Differences in 1/3rd distal radius BMD Z-scores per IQR AUC increase were -0.19 (95% CI: -0.39, 0.00) for PFOA and -0.20 (95% CI: -0.42, 0.01) for the PFAS mixture. Associations were stronger for males [e.g., PFOA: -0.31 (95% CI: -0.55, -0.06)] than females [-0.08 (95% CI: -0.36, 0.20)]. Patterns of association were similar but generally weaker and not statistically significant at other skeletal sites (β range: -0.05 to -0.15). Conclusion: Cumulative exposure to PFOA and PFAS mixtures from gestation through early adolescence were inversely associated with BMD, particularly among males.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".