Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Most regions of Southern Britain show a progression of settlement through the first millennium bc and into the Roman period. In the Upper Thames Later Bronze Age and earliest Iron Age settlements are characterized by post-ring roundhouses and four-post granaries, whereas by the Middle Iron Age pits and drainage gullies as roundhouse proxies are predominant. Storage capacity between four-posters and pits was probably comparable, but must be qualified by the time-span represented. In the Midlands too earlier post-rings give way to penannular drainage gullies in ‘modular units’, clusters of four to five ring-gullies in irregular compounds. In west Yorkshire aggregated and incremental enclosure settlements termed ‘washing line’ settlements are akin to the well-known ‘ladder settlements’ of Yorkshire; in them roundhouses may continue to be occupied well into the Roman period. Contrary to former interpretations of the northern pastoral economy, extensive patterns of pits and other evidence for cereal cultivation is now increasingly in evidence. In Northumberland the well-established rectilinear settlement enclosures can now be seen to have been preceded by open settlements from the second quarter of the first millennium bc. By the second century bc ditched enclosures, evidently not primarily defensive, together with pit-alignments, droveways, and corrals were characteristic of pastoral settlements. The pattern of roundhouse occupation in and around hillforts varies widely regionally, but has been successfully investigated by geophysical survey in Wessex and the west of England.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.110 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".