L’État civil : réflexion autour de la pensée de Muḥammad ‘Abduh
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Résumé Depuis plus d’une décennie, la notion d’État civil (dawla madaniyya) se trouve, de plus en plus, mobilisée dans les débats et tensions qui traversent les mondes arabes. Ainsi, elle a été largement utilisée et scandée en 2011, lors du « printemps arabe » et des débats constitutionnels qui ont suivi la révolution tunisienne, mais aussi dans des révoltes plus récentes (Hirak algérien, Révolution soudanaise). Dans cet article, nous nous proposons de procéder à un retour historique sur cette notion d’État civil ; ce qui permettra de mieux comprendre les modalités de son émergence dans la pensée arabo-musulmane ainsi que les problématiques qui y sont liées. Pour ce faire, nous nous appuyons sur les écrits d’une des figures les plus importantes de cette pensée : Muḥammad ‘Abduh (1849-1905).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".