A Comparison between the Efficacy of Intra-articular Injections of Ketorolac and Triamcinolone in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the main causes of chronic pain in worldwide. Intra-articular corticosteroid injection has been routinely used for symptom control in patients with osteoarthritis. Some possible complications have limited its repeated application. Recently, intra-articular injection of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), namely ketorolac, has drawn major attention which should be further assessed. Methods: In this double-blind clinical trial study, 38 patients randomly assigned into two equal groups of case with single intra-articular injection of 30 mg ketorolac and control with single intra-articular injection of 40 mg triamcinolone. Required data were gathered via visual analogue scale (VAS), and validated Persian translations of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and Lequesne questionnaires. Findings: In one and three months follow up, triamcinolone was effective in pain reduction, joint stiffness, function, and walking ability. Ketorolac was effective only in the pain domain of questionnaires. In One month, triamcinolone showed a considerably better pain reduction effect than ketorolac (P = 0.008). However, after 3 months, both methods were equally effective in pain reduction (P = 0.712). Conclusion: Ketorolac can cause significant pain reduction in knee osteoarthritis, but considering its minimal effects on patients’ functional status, its application should be limited to cases with contraindications or patient refusal to corticosteroid injection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".