Visualizing Folk Love Songs: De/politicization of Sinicized Cartoons in North China under Japanese Occupation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the War of Resistance against Japan (1937-1945), cartoons constituted an important type of cultural production in Japanese-occupied China.Most scholarship focuses on the political stances shown in such cartoons.However, this article explores Chinese cartoons that seldom directly addressed political issues in wartime North China.In 1935, Zhang Guangyu created the first Folk Love Songs cartoon, which has been seen as representative of Sinicized cartoons, emphasizing the national characteristics shown in Chinese folk culture.With changes in formal and ideological matters, Folk Love Songs cartoons continued to appear in Japanese-occupied North China, featuring quotidian topics.This article argues that, by visualizing everyday life, Folk Love Songs cartoons displaced and de/politicized (depoliticized and simultaneously repoliticized) the national characteristics embedded in prewar Sinicized cartoons.The motif showcases the complexity of wartime cultural production that was not totally occupied by political propaganda.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".