Ovule abortion and seed set of field pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i> L.) grown under high temperature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In pea, high temperatures during reproductive development lead to severe yield loss. Although the ovule is the seed precursor, studies elucidating the effect of heat on this plant structure are scarce. We investigated the impact of heat in the field and growth chamber on ovules 4 days after the open flower (4DOF) stage. Objectives were to identify associations between ovaries and plant performance, and to evaluate seed set and ovule abortion of heat-treated plants for six cultivars from a diverse range of seed-to-ovule ratios. In the field, plants were seeded at early (control, [early seeded pea, ESP]) and late (stress plant [late seeded pea, LSP]) periods in the season. In growth chambers, plants were exposed to heat (35/18 °C) at early flowering for 4 days and then evaluated at maturity. Stressed plants (LSP) displayed twice as many aborted ovules than ESP during early embryo growth (pro-embryo to globular stage) in synchrony with reduced ovaries, ovules, and embryo sac size. Cultivars with reduced ovary size at 4DOF were related to a high number of reproductive nodes and pods in LSP ( r = −0.44 to −0.48). Similarly, under growth chamber conditions, heat caused seed reduction by increasing the abortion of immature ovules (early embryonic stages) at various reproductive nodes. Collectively, our results indicated that pea seed loss from heat in the field is largely due to early embryo abortion, a novel finding, rather than disruption of pre-fertilization events. Compensatory effects on plant performance infer plant resource adjustment. Our findings contribute to the assessment and selection of high-yielding pea cultivars for future warming seasons.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".