Measurements by SKPFM and Finite‐Element Modeling of Hydrogen Atom Diffusion and Distribution in Ferrite and Bainite Contained in X80 Steel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Herein, the diffusion and distribution of hydrogen (H) atoms in ferrite and bainite contained in an X80 pipeline steel is studied by both scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy and finite‐element modeling. The effect of metallurgical microphases on H‐atom accumulation in the steel is analyzed. The results show that H‐charging elevates the electrochemical dissolution activity of both ferrite and bainite contained in the steel, as indicated by the increased Volta potential and thus the decreased work function. The H atoms tend to accumulate at ferrite, making the local H‐atom concentration much greater than the concentration at bainite. The results imply that, compared with bainite, ferrite is the location to accumulate more H atoms initiating hydrogen‐induced cracks once the local H‐atom concentration reaches a threshold value.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".