Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper I discuss Gregory Landini’s important and much cited interpretation of Russell’s multiple-relation theory of judgment, focusing on the claim that the version of the theory presented in <i>Theory of Knowledge</i> solves what Nicholas Griffin calls the narrow direction problem. I begin with a fresh account of Russell’s conception of the direction problem. This problem concerns not only (a) the individuation of permutative beliefs about the same objects, but also (b) the individuation of truth-making complexes of such beliefs, and (c) which complexes make which beliefs true. The principal issue with Landini’s interpretation is that it doesn’t successfully address (c), leaving the truth-conditions of atomic permutative beliefs indeterminate. This issue persists in Landini’s most recent clarification of his interpretation, which highlights ascribing to Russell a reliance on a primitive notion of intentionality. If a conception of primitive intentionality is present in Russell’s writings, it does not overcome the “real difficulty” of objective falsehoods Russell discerned in his own attempt to solve the direction problem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".