The Effectiveness of Toilet Training on Children's Independence Through Demonstration Methods
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Toilet training is one way to train children's independence in clean and healthy living behaviour as a provision for children's life skills in entering the next education level. The research problem is that the child's independence has not yet developed, which is marked by the child not yet being independent in defecating and urinating. The research aims to train children's independence in defecation and urination through demonstration methods and find out whether toilet training activities through demonstration methods can affect children's independence. The research subjects were 50 children. A research approach is quantitative with experimental methods. The data collection technique used pre and post-tests for children's independence with the child's toilet training ability as a measuring tool. The results of data collection were processed by statistical testing the Non-Parametric Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. The study found a contrast in toilet training ability before and after being treated with a demonstration technique which has a value of 0.05 with a P value <0.005. The research results conclude that the toilet training demonstration method was effective in increasing children's independence in Kindergarten, Donggala Regency, Central Sulawesi.
 Keywords: early childhood, toilet training, independence skills
 References:
 Baird, D. C., Bybel, M., & Kowalski, A. W. (2019). Toilet Training: Common Questions and Answers. 100(8).
 Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (2015). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Ravenio Books. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=KCTrCgAAQBAJ
 Cerino, A. (2021). The importance of recognising and promoting independence in young children: The role of the environment and the Danish Forest school approach. Education 3-13, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2021.2000468
 Choby, B. A., & George, S. (2005). Toilet training. American Family Physician, 78 9, 1059–1064.
 DeLuca, C., Pyle, A., Braund, H., & Faith, L. (2020). Leveraging assessment to promote kindergarten learners’ independence and self-regulation within play-based classrooms. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 27(4), 394–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2020.1719033
 Devries, M. W., & DeVries, M. R. (1977). Cultural relativity of toilet training readiness: A perspective from East Africa. Pediatrics, 60 2, 170–177.
 Febrianti, A. (2021). Demographic Characteristics of Mothers with Toilet Training Ability in Children. Jurnal Kesehatan Abdurrahman, 10(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.55045/jkab.v10i1.122
 Hildebrand, V. (1988). Young Children’s Self‐care and Independence Tasks: Applying Self‐Efficacy Theory. Early Child Development and Care, 30(1–4), 199–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/0300443880300116
 Hooman, N., Safaii, A., Valavi, E., & Amini-Alavijeh, Z. (2013). Toilet Training in Iranian Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 23, 154–158.
 Khoiruzzadi, M., & Fajriyah, N. (2019). Learning Toilet Training in Training Children’s Independence. JECED: Journal of Early Childhood Education and Development, 1(2), 142–154. https://doi.org/10.15642/jeced.v1i2.481
 Kiddoo, D. A. (2012). Toilet training children: When to start and how to train. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 184(5), 511. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.110830
 Kiftiyah, K., Wardani, R. A., & Rosyidah, N. N. (2018). The Effect of Demonstration Methods About Toilet Training on Improving Toilet Train-ing Learning In Children Aged 3 Years In Paud I Sooko Village, Sooko District, Mojokerto Regency. Nurse and Health: Jurnal Keperawatan, 7(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.36720/nhjk.v7i1.35
 Klassen, T. P., Kiddoo, D. A., Lang, M. E., Friesen, C., Russell, K., Spooner, C. H., & Vandermeer, B. (2006). The effectiveness of different methods of toilet training for bowel and bladder control. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment, 147, 1–57.
 Meilisa, A. N., Hasanah, O., & Amir, Y. (2022). Relationship between Toilet Training Initiation Age and Factors Affecting Toilet Training to Toilet Training Achievements. Indonesian Health Scientific Journal, 7(1).
 Mota, D. M., & Barros, A. J. D. (2008). Toilet training: Methods, parental expectations and associated dysfunctions. Jornal de Pediatria, 84(1), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.2223/JPED.1752
 Ngatemi, Purnama, T., & Kasihani, N. N. (2021). Independence of Brushing Teeth to Free-Plaque Score in Preschool Children: A Cross Sectional Study. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v15i3.15875
 Polaha, J., Warzak, W. J., & Dittmer-Mcmahon, K. (2002). Toilet training in primary care: Current practice and recommendations from behavioral pediatrics. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 23(6), 424–429. PubMed. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200212000-00005
 Rahayu, S. F. (2022). Relationship Pattern of Working Parents To The Independence Of Toilet Training Pre School Children (Literature Study). Healthy-Mu Journal, 4(2), 82–87. https://doi.org/10.35747/hmj.v4i2.27
 Schum, T. R., Kolb, T. M., McAuliffe, T. L., Simms, M. D., Underhill, R. L., & Lewis, M. (2002). Sequential acquisition of toilet-training skills: A descriptive study of gender and age differences in normal children. Pediatrics, 109 3, E48.
 Smeets, P. M., Lancioni, G. E., Ball, T. S., & Oltva, D. S. (1985). Shaping Self-Initiated Toileting in Infants. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18(4), 303–308. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1985.18-303
 Sun, M., & Rugolotto, S. (2004). Assisted Infant Toilet Training in a Western Family Setting. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 25(2). https://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/Fulltext/2004/04000/Assisted_Infant_Toilet_Training_in_a_Western.4.aspx
 Tarhan, H., Çakmak, Ö., Akarken, I., Ekin, R. G., Ün, S., Uzelli, D., Helvaci, M., Aksu, N., Yavaşcan, Ö., Özsan, F. M., Cun, S., Koç, F., Özkarakaş, Ö., Ilbey, Y. O., & Zorlu, F. (2015). Toilet training age and influencing factors: A multicenter study. The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 57 2, 172–176.
 Vermandel, A., Van Kampen, M., Van Gorp, C., & Wyndaele, J.-J. (2008). How to toilet train healthy children? A review of the literature. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 27(3), 162–166. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20490
 Yanti, A. F. (2021). The Role of Parents in Discipling Toilet Training for Early Children (Case Study of Chil-dren Aged 2-4 Years in Bakal Dalam Village, Talo Kecil District, Seluma Regency). Al Fitrah: Journal of Early Childhood Islamic Education.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".