Determination of Segmentation Parameters for Object-Based Remote Sensing Image Analysis from Conventional to Recent Approaches: A Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Remote sensing has evolved through the appearance of several approaches. Object-based image analysis is a compelling approach to land use classification, object detection, and change detection in each environment. This paradigm is based on a critical and fundamental segmentation step. However, this step is highly dependent on the determination of the optimal parameters to be achieved. In this sense, methods have been invented to define the optimal segmentation parameters. This article presents an updated review of methods for defining optimal segmentation parameters. For this purpose, pertinent articles published in the main remote sensing journals from the emergence of the concept of object-based image analysis and segmentation to the present were used. The main aim is to provide a precise and detailed review of the different approaches previously presented. The originality of this review resides in the survey of all methods from conventional to the most recent with a discussion of these approaches. The results show that despite the advances in this field of research, most studies use the manual trial-and-error method. Conversely, state-of-the-art methods tend to determine the optimal parameter per type of geographic object and the adaptive calculation of segmentation parameters. Furthermore, the leading methods identified rely on supervised and unsupervised measures similarly, most of which use homogeneity measures. In contrast, a balance between intra- and inter-segment homogeneity and heterogeneity measures are more relevant. A distinction is made between pre-estimation and posterior parameter estimation methods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".