Heat Transfer in Liquid Nitrogen Cooled Superconducting Transformers: An Experimental Investigation
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A single-phase, 15-kilowatt electric transformer was modified to replace the secondary copper winding with one formed of Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide [YBCO] superconducting ribbon. YBCO ceramics offer exceptional electrical efficiency at high current when properly cooled to cryogenic temperature. For the present research, a high ratio transformer design induced secondary currents above 200 amperes. This exploited the properties of the YBCO in reducing thermal losses inherent to high currents in conventional conductors. YBCO must operate below its critical temperature of 92K to avoid damage and is typically cooled by immersion in a pool of cryogenic liquid. Immersion cooling makes inefficient use of the cryogen, and a novel cooling method was proposed by the current research. The YBCO was routed within an insulating tube through which liquid nitrogen flowed and the entire assembly operated within a vacuum to minimize heat transfer. To conserve cryogen while respecting the YBCO critical temperature of 92K, the latent heat of nitrogen was exploited and the system designed to operate near the nitrogen boiling point of 77K. The resulting multi-phase system was operated at various conditions and a combined efficiency formula proposed which includes the energy cost of cryogenic fluid. The results demonstrated a 5% efficiency improvement using YBCO materials using a novel tube-cooling arrangement and provide a basis for future research and industrial use.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it