The Legal Nature of New Generation Free Trade Agreements: Lessons from the CETA Saga
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) is a “new generation” bilateral “mixed” free trade agreement signed on 30 October 2016 between Canada and the European Union alongside its Member States. In the European Union, “mixed” trade agreements follow an adoption procedure that determines, in the best-case scenario, a substantial delay to their entry into force, and, in the worst, a veto by Member States that damages the international standing of the European Union. The European Commission bowed to Member States’ pressure and decided to qualify CETA as a “mixed agreement” instead of an “EU-only agreement”. That the “guardian of the Treaties” had no constitutional leeway on the choice of CETA’s approval form became clear after the decision of the Court of Justice on the free trade agreement negotiated between the European Union and Singapore (Opinion 2/15). CETA’s “mixed” nature determines that its application is limited and provisional, and under a permanent Damocles sword existential threat.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.023 | 0.037 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.051 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.026 | 0.036 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.018 | 0.022 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".