Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sponsored by the Frozen Ground Committee of the Cold Regions Engineering Division of ASCE Electrical Phenomena During Freezing of Water and Soils reviews the early observations of the generation of charges and electrical potentials developed during freezing of water, dilute aqueous solutions, and moist soils. Beginning with a description of the early observations of natural phenomena, such as lightning and thunderstorms, and the effects of these on aircraft flying through thunderclouds, the book describes the early laboratory measurements carried out to understand the physical processes behind charge separation and generation of high voltages at the freezing interface. The review concludes with examples of field studies and proposes the need to continue the studies to use the method as a geophysical tool to study the freezing of ground in cold regions. Topics include • Early observations and laboratory measurements, • Freezing potentials, • Electrical potentials during freezing/thawing, • Studies done at the National Research Council Canada and Carleton University, • Calculations of charge concentration, and • Geophysical methods used in permafrost investigations. This valuable resource provides historical observations and data collected into one concise volume. It encourages future researchers to continue this work in a more systematic way. It will be useful for undergraduate and graduate students who wish to pursue a career in cold regions engineering, and for scientists and engineers working on the design of buildings, storage facilities, pipelines, and other infrastructure in cold regions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".