Culture, Virus, Anxiety: Global Anxiety Level during the COVID-19 Pandemic Using a Cultural Lens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The world average anxiety level has increased since the 2019 outbreak of the new coronavirus. Although there are many studies on pandemics and anxiety levels, few have examined predictors of anxiety during the pandemic and possible pathways of influence, specifically comparing regional differences under different cultural influences. This paper argues that culture and cognition as the two main predictors of rising global anxiety levels, as well as provides an analysis of panic buying as an example of maladaptive anxiety, through a re-analysis of the existing literature. The findings of the paper suggest that culture, especially when recruiting participants from multiple countries and regions, is an essential factor in conducting psychological research. One of the limitations of previous studies is the lack of data across all phases of COVID-19. Future research should conduct longitudinal studies to examine the dynamic changes over time. The results could contribute to the study of the mental health of culturally diverse groups affected by the pandemic.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".