High-Resolution Mobile Mapping Platform Using 15-mm Accuracy LiDAR and SPAN/TerraStar C-PRO Technologies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nowadays, most of the mobile mapping systems (MMSs) use global navigation satellite system (GNSS)/inertial navigation system positioning technology and 2-D sensors to construct maps, self-localize, and gather environmental information, as well. Several problems can arise with traditional architectures of these systems, especially in situations where the GNSS signal is unavailable or multiple paths are involved, such as reliability issues and poor accuracy. Moreover, their cost of up to U.S.$\$ $2 million still poses a significant challenge for the development of new geographical information system applications. This article proposes a new design of an MMS that incorporates a 1.5-cm accurate 3-D light detection and ranging sensor and a high-accuracy positioning system based on synchronous position attitude and navigation (SPAN)/TerraStar C-PRO technologies. The extended Kalman filter was used in this research to reduce the impact of GNSS signal loss by combining the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) method with SPAN/TerraStar C-PRO technologies. In the experiments, the concept of our mobile mapping platform was validated using the simulation environment Gazebo. So as to evaluate the proposed platform, a real dataset was collected from a complex environment where the GNSS signal is rarely available, exactly, from the campus of Moncton—Université de Moncton. The obtained results disclosed that the proposed platform proves its performance in terms of accuracy and reliability. Due to the integration of the SLAM algorithm with SPAN/TerraStarC-PRO technologies, the generated 3-D point cloud map includes a number of 285 million points with a mean accuracy 0.28 m even in the case of GNSS signal loss.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".