3D printing families: laser, powder, and nozzle-based techniques
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a process in which the raw material, in the form of powder, liquid, or solid filament, is deposited layer-by-layer to build up a physical 3D object. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the 3D printing techniques suitable for medical applications. Here, we highlight the main innovations and breakthroughs achieved in the past three decades and categorize the additive manufacturing technologies available into resin-, powder-, extrusion-, and droplet-based systems. Additionally, this chapter discusses the recent technological advances and challenges in the bioprinting of tissue constructs and organs from a hardware perspective. Bioprinting has been investigated for the fabrication of several biological constructs, ranging from skin, bone, vascular, and cartilage tissues, as well as for the fabrication of high-throughput microarrays for toxicological analysis and drug screening. Future development in bioprinting techniques and bioink materials will certainly allow the fabrication of customized tissues and organs.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it