Reproductive toxicity of emerging plasticizers, flame retardants, and bisphenols, using culture of the rat fetal testis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), 2,2'4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), and bisphenol A (BPA), as plasticizers, flame retardants, and epoxy resins, respectively, has been regulated due to their endocrine disrupting activities. Replacements for these chemicals are found in human matrices, yet the endocrine disrupting potential of these emerging contaminants is poorly characterized. We compared the effects of legacy chemicals with those of their replacements using fetal rat testis organ culture. Fetal testes sampled at gestation day 15 were grown ex vivo, and the impact was evaluated after a 3-day exposure to 10 μM of each legacy chemical; two BPA analogs (bisphenol M and bisphenol TMC); three replacements for DEHP/MEHP (2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate, diisononyl-phthalate, and diisodecyl adipate); or two replacements for BDE47 (tributoxyethyl phosphate and isopropylated triphenyl phosphate). We showed that only BPA and MEHP significantly decrease testosterone secretions after 24 h, while BPM and BPTMC have the opposite effect. Luteinizing hormone-stimulated testosterone was reduced by BPA and MEHP but was increased by BPTMC. After exposure, testes were used for immunofluorescent staining of germ cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells. Interestingly, exposures to BPM or BPTMC induced a significant increase in the Leydig cell density and surface area. A decrease in germ cell density was observed only after treatment with MEHP or BDE47. MEHP also significantly decreased Sertoli cell proliferation. These studies show that some replacement chemicals can affect testicular function, while others appear to show little toxicity in this model. These findings provide essential information regarding the need for their regulation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".