Generating human STR DNA profiles from blood ingested by leeches
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aquatic crime scenes may include the presence of annelids, such as leeches, which may have ingested human blood and can potentially aid in the identification of a victim and/or suspect. In this research, human blood from one male donor was fed to 35 North American medicinal leeches. These leeches were then euthanized at various periods (0, 1, 2, 4-, 6-, 12-, and 24-hours post-feed). Blood from their midguts (crop) was amplified using three methods. First, the tip of each Copan microFLOQ® Direct Swab was dipped into the midgut of the individual leeches and amplified directly. Second, Copan microFLOQ® Direct Swabs were utilized to sample the crop, concentrating crop blood followed by direct amplification. Third, 4N6 FLOQSwabs® forensic collection devices collected, extracted, and amplified remaining crop blood. The aim was to determine if blood found in the midgut of leeches can be used in revealing human identity. This research can aid in unique forensic cases where annelids might be present at a crime scene. Autosomal STR profiles were generated using PowerPlex Fusion 6 C System and GlobalFiler Express. Y-STR profiles were obtained with PowerPlex® Y23 System and Yfiler® Plus amplification kits. Complete and partial, concordant, and consistent, autosomal, and Y-STR profiles were observed between 420 autosomal and 420 Y-STR profiles. All three methods can be used to generate DNA profiles from blood ingested by leeches when collected within a 24-hour period. The results indicate that blood ingested by annelids can serve as a valuable source of evidence in unique crime scene cases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".