Establishing the non-human primate as an animal model for temporal interference stimulation. I. Simulations of electric fields
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Temporal interference stimulation (TI) is a novel non-invasive stimulation technique that may permit access to subcortical structures. During TI, two high-frequency (> 1kHz) carrier fields are delivered. These carrier fields do not recruit neural activity, but their frequencies are offset by a small difference (the ‘envelope’). In a small region that depends on stimulation locations and intensities, the interaction of the carrier fields creates an amplitude modulated waveform at the envelope frequency that can influence neural activity. The focality and field strengths achieved by TI can be increased by adding electric fields at different carrier frequencies that are offset by the same envelope (‘multi-polar TI’). While selective stimulation of subcortical targets has been demonstrated in mice, whether such selectivity can be achieved in larger brains, remains to be determined. To that end, we are seeking to establish the non-human primate, specifically the rhesus macaque, as an additional animal model for TI research. Here, we simulate the electric fields arising from multi-polar TI in the macaque brain. To do this, we used finite-difference modelling in a tissue-segmented model of the macaque in Sim4Life. This model included the dielectric properties of the tissues, allowing us to model the electric fields throughout the brain. For each electric field, we adjusted the current amplitude to target the region of interest. We found that multi-polar TI can selectively target various brain regions, and further, in cortical regions the field strength approaches the level that may directly evoke neural activity. Overall, our simulations suggest that multi-polar TI may achieve fields strengths in the macaque brain that are comparable to those reached with other forms of non-invasive stimulation. Preliminary neurophysiological results where multi-polar TI is focused on the superior colliculus are reported in the adjoining poster. Research Category and Technology and Methods Basic Research: 19. Modeling and computational methods Keywords: Temporal interference stimulation, Noninvasive subcortical stimulation, Electric fields simulation, Animal Model
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".