Evidence for 40 Years of Treeline Shift in a Central Alpine Valley
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Alpine treeline ecosystems are generally expected to advance with increasing temperatures and after land-use abandonment. Multiple interacting factors modify this trend. Understanding the long-term processes underlying treeline advance is essential to predict future changes in structure and function of mountain ecosystems. In a valley in the Central Swiss Alps, we re-assessed a 40-year-old survey of all treeline trees (>0.5 m height) and disentangled climate, topographical, biotic, and disturbance (land use and avalanche risk) factors that have led to treeline advance with a combination of ground-based mapping, decision tree, and dendroecological analyses. Between the first ground survey in 1972/73 and the resurvey in 2012, treeline advanced on average by 10 meters per decade with a maximum local advance of 42 meters per decade. Larch consistently advanced more on south-facing slopes, while pine advance was greater on north-facing slopes. Newly established spruce mostly represented infilling below the previous treeline. The forefront of treeline advance above 2330 m a.s.l. occurred mainly on favorable microsites without competing dwarf shrub vegetation. At slightly lower elevations, treeline advanced mainly on sites that were used for agriculture at the beginning of the 20th century. This study indicates that although treeline advances under the effect of climate warming, a combination of additional ecological factors controls this advance at regional and local scales.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".