The association between maternal stature and adverse birth outcomes and the modifying effect of race and ethnicity: a population-based retrospective cohort study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There are known differences in the risk of perinatal and maternal birth outcomes because of maternal factors, such as body mass index and maternal race. However, the association of maternal height with adverse birth outcomes and the potential differences in this relationship by race and ethnicity have been understudied. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the association between maternal stature and adverse perinatal outcomes and the potential modification of the association by race and ethnicity. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study was conducted using data on all singleton births in the United States in 2016 and 2017 (N=7,361,713) obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics. Short and tall stature were defined as <10th and >90th percentiles of the maternal height distribution (<154.9 and >172.7 cm, respectively). Race and ethnicity categories included non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, American Indian or Alaskan Native Asian or Pacific Islander, and Hispanic. The primary outcomes were preterm birth (<37 weeks of gestation), perinatal death, and composite perinatal death or severe neonatal morbidity. Logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals with adjustment for confounding by maternal age, body mass index, and other factors. Multiplicative and additive effect modifications by race and ethnicity were assessed. RESULTS: The study population included 7,361,713 women with a singleton stillbirth or live birth. Short women had an increased risk of adverse outcomes, whereas tall women had a decreased risk relative to average-stature women. Short women had an increased risk of perinatal death and composite perinatal death or severe neonatal morbidity (adjusted odds ratios, 1.14 [95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.17] and 1.21 [95% confidence interval, 1.19-1.23], respectively). The association between short stature and perinatal death was attenuated in non-Hispanic Black women compared with non-Hispanic White women (adjusted odds ratio, 1.10 [95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.17] vs 1.26 [95% confidence interval, 1.19-1.33]). Compared with average-stature women, tall non-Hispanic White women had lower rates of preterm birth, perinatal death, and composite perinatal death or severe neonatal morbidity (adjusted odds ratios, 0.82 [95% confidence interval, 0.81-0.83], 0.95 [95% confidence interval, 0.91-1.00], and 0.90 [95% confidence interval, 0.88-0.93], respectively). The association between tall and average stature with perinatal death was reversed in Hispanic women (adjusted odds ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-1.44). Compared with average-stature women, all tall women had lower rates of preterm birth, particularly among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic women. CONCLUSION: Relative to average-stature women, short women have an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes across all race and ethnicity groups; these associations were attenuated in Hispanic women and for some adverse outcomes in non-Hispanic Black and Asian women. Tall mothers have a lower risk of preterm birth in all racial and ethnic groups, whereas tall non-Hispanic White mothers have a lower risk of perinatal death or severe neonatal morbidity compared with average-stature women.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".