Bibliographic record
Abstract
Liverpool’s Atlantic history has been both marked and marred by its role as Britain’s leading slave trade port at the height of the British transatlantic trade in enslaved Africans between 1750 and 1807. For many years the slave trade was written out of Liverpool’s history in some form of purposeful forgetting. In the late 20th century, however, and especially with the rise of quantitative economic history, the trade in enslaved Africans has been written back into port city’s past. In the 21st century, the memorialization of the slave trade, including Liverpool’s International Slavery Museum has taken center stage. This element of Liverpool’s inconvenient past has meant that in popular history at least, Liverpool’s important role as a leading outport, especially in Atlantic trade, has often been obscured. During the 18th century alone Liverpool’s imports grew from 14,600 tons in 1709 to 450,000 tons in 1800. It population increased concomitantly over the same period, from 6,500 to 77,653. Liverpool’s trade with Ireland had long been significant, and it was an important jumping off point for the military expeditions to Ireland, but it also traded with the Mediterranean, all along the West African coast, Canada, the American colonies/states, and the British Caribbean islands. It also traded both legally and illegally with foreign powers in the Atlantic, including the French and Spanish colonies. Just about every type of commodity from all around Great Britain was exported through Liverpool around the Atlantic: manufactured and other goods, textiles, earthenware, barrels of flour and oats, Lancashire cheeses, candles, shoes, butter, fish, beef, and ironware, as well as coal and salt. In terms of imports, fish, flour, timber, tobacco, sugar, pimento, coffee, cocoa, dyewood, rum, pimento, and of course cotton among other items came through Liverpool’s docks – (in fact Liverpool was the first international cotton market). The city was also a significant financial center with good links to London and had several important banks (Arthur Heywood and Sons was later subsumed into Barclays and Leyland & Bullins eventually became part of HSBC). Liverpool also had a thriving finance and insurance market. Moreover, Liverpool was an important hub of privateering in wartime, a leader in the trade to South America in the early 19th century, retained important trade links with Western Africa after the abolition of the trade in enslaved Africans, and eventually became a leading port for emigration to the United States. Therefore while Liverpool was important for the slave trade, that slave trade was only one part of Liverpool’s important commercial activity in the Atlantic world.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.120 | 0.032 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".