Nationality Question: Territoriality, Birth of East Pakistan and New Politics of Resistance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tired by a long walk, I now sat down on a lonely mountain top and started observing the surroundings. I could see the never-ending Turkish military camps in front of us and heard the noises of canon firing from the side of Silivri. In my immediate vicinity, small chiba shrubs were moving like waves in the evening breeze. This scene reminded me of the coming of dusk over green fields and villages in Bengal. In my mind, I could hear the melodious tune sung by cowherds and peasants. Songs of birds and beauties of nature during spring in Bengal flashed in my mind’s eye. I immediately started singing, ‘Oh my golden Bengal, I love you.’ So wrote Syed Abu Mohammad Ismail Hossain Siraji, a Bengali writer and a poet, who went to Ottoman Turkey as a member of the Indian medical delegation to assist the Khilafate during the first Balkan War in 1912. Siraji narrated the experience of his journey to Turkey in an epistolary form, which was serialized in the noted Bengali magazine Mohammadi in 1912. He later published these letters as a travelogue. In the description here, he is drawing a distinction between home and abroad. His zeal for the pan-Islamist cause brought him to the Balkans, and yet, here, in the midst of the war and noises of canon firing, he remembered Bengal. This sense of belonging to a global ummah Islamia and the simultaneous romantic invocation of Bengal as a homeland were complementary. As a devout Muslim, Siraji possibly could not associate with the deified form of ‘mother Bengal’, a powerful symbol in Indian nationalist Hindu political tradition; yet Siraji was moved by the abstract image of ‘mother Bengal’ portrayed by Rabindranath Tagore in his song. The intellectual journey of this patriotic song in Bengal is tied up with the cultural imagining of a homeland in different spatial and temporal contexts. In 1905, Bengal was gripped by the colonial decision to partition the province. The Hindu landowning gentry and professional elites were aghast at this decision. Feelings were ambiguous among Muslim Bengalis, who mostly inhabited the riverine tracks of eastern Bengal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.030 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".