The United States of Surveillance: A Review of America’s Mass Surveillance Laws, Programs, and Oversight

A Review of America' s Mass Surveillance Laws, Programs, and Oversight 2 After the September 11 attacks, the United States government implemented several programs to safeguard its citizens both at home and abroad.The Global War on Terrorism began, and the power of the United States executive branch grew as it deployed troops and declared war on an enemy operating across the borders of multiple countries.The fight against terrorism, however, was not limited to military deployments in the Middle East.Legislation and legal interpretations, including the USA PATRIOT Act, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), and others, granted the executive extraordinary powers to fight a digital surveillance war, not against any one country but rather against various networks of alleged terrorist cells located around the world.Programs implemented after 2001 sought to allow information to flow across various intelligence agencies, while greatly expanding the powers of intelligence gathering.Utilizing the Unitary Executive interpretation of Constitutional power, and with the help of legislation and a secret court, the executive branch of the United States government created a surveillance state that continues to jeopardize the rights American citizens have to privacy, the Fourth Amendment's protection from unreasonable searches and seizures, and the Sixth Amendment's rights to be informed when accused of a crime and to face an accuser in court.The pervasive and interlocking network of mass surveillance developing from the War on Terror has grown into a systemic problem for US citizens, with its programs continuing to infringe upon the rights of millions while producing few meaningful results.The United States of Surveillance is a web-based digital humanities project that uses interactive media and documents to demonstrate how mass surveillance programs in the United States are sanctioned, operated, and used by deconstructing their supporting legal frameworks.This article, which accompanies the digital project, disentangles the juridical intricacies of surveillance to reveal how the current surveillance state systematically threatens the rights of citizens.After briefly introducing relevant surveillance studies scholarship, subsequent sections review pertinent legal frameworks, examples of post-9/11 mass surveillance programs, and relevant case law that helped to shape and maintain the contemporary surveillance state.Ultimately, it demonstrates how the contemporary surveillance state systemically threatens citizens, corporations, and the very fabric of democracy in the United States. Critical ContextThe field of surveillance studies is a "cross-disciplinary initiative to understand the rapidly increasing ways in which personal details are collected, stored, transmitted, checked, and used as means of influencing and managing people and populations" (Lyon, "Surveillance Studies" 1).While the current landscape of scholarly work in surveillance was shaped by post-9/11 policy and programs, academics spent decades developing frameworks allowing researchers to properly define and contextualize surveillance practices.Michel Foucault, a French philosopher who discussed issues of governmental power, surveillance, and control, analyzed shifts in governance strategies over the course of the 18 th and 19 th centuries, particularly in terms of the prison system and industrialized labour.While Foucault explored historical surveillance apparatuses, other 20 th century

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