Bibliographic record
Abstract
In a three-layer system with equal upper and lower layer thicknesses that are sufficiently thin and with the same density difference across each interface, breathers have been shown to exist using fully nonlinear governing equations. These breathers are well modelled by theoretical solutions of the mKdV equation, provided the interfaces between the layers do not cross a critical depth. The soliton-like characteristics of fully nonlinear breathers, in particular how two breathers interact, have yet to be explored. Using numerical simulations, this study addresses this shortcoming by studying fully nonlinear overtaking collisions of two breathers in a three-layer symmetric stratification. We apply the fully nonlinear and strongly dispersive FDI-3s internal wave equations, based on a variational principle, in a three-layer system. When the amplitude is small, the analytic breathers fit the wave shapes of the overtaking collision breathers. We find that the larger the upper and lower layer thicknesses are, provided they are below the critical thickness, the more the breathers behave like solitons. We show that an overtaking collision of two breathers is close to elastic.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".