Interaction between ice sheet instability and sea surface characteristics in the Labrador Sea during the last 50 ka
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study on the decay of ice sheets in the past provides important insights into the interaction between ice sheet behaviours and ocean characteristics, especially under a sustained warming climate. On the one hand, the ice sheet may affect the ocean environment; on the other hand, changes in sea surface conditions may affect the instability of the ice sheets. However, interactions between ice sheet dynamics and sea surface characteristics are still not fully understood. Thus, studies of carefully selected sediment cores representing both ice-sheet and ocean characteristics can help to better predict changes in ice sheets in the future. Here, we show sedimentary records from the eastern Labrador Sea, proximal to the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) and the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), representing the last 50 ka, i.e., the last glacial-deglacial-Holocene period. Our XRF and biomarker data document the outstanding collapse of the LIS/iceberg discharge during Heinrich Events (i.e., HE5, HE4, HE2, and HE1) and the occurrence of meltwater plumes from the LIS and GrIS during the deglaciation. Such meltwater discharge has caused surface water freshening in the Labrador Sea and, consequently, decreased sea surface temperatures and decreased primary productivity. Enhanced Irminger Current inflow might have triggered the retreat of ice sheets/meltwater discharge, as shown in our planktic foraminifera records. In contrast to dominantly relatively low primary productivity during the glacial period, both higher sea ice algae and phytoplankton production occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), probably caused by a polynya in front of the GrIS reaching its maximum extent at that time. During the deglaciation to Holocene time interval, primary productivity shows an increasing trend probably related to decreased meltwater discharge, decreased sea ice extent, and increased insolation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".