How does the 'window' of overland flow generating rainfall react to Clausius-Clapeyron scaling?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rainfall on an infiltrating microcatchment or hillslope will trigger overland flow, if it is long and intense enough. It is, naturally, of interest to know, what 'enough' means in quantitative terms, i.e. with respect to a given soil and an intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationship of selected return interval.Fully impervious surfaces excepted, an initial phase of the process exists, during which detention storage will be filled and water infiltrates into the soil. The end of that phase (if any) marks the lower limit to the overland flow generating rainfall 'window'. Further to the right of the IDF-curve longer events causing overland flow follow, until a point is reached, where no more overland flow forms, this time because the rainfall intensity has become too low to overcome infiltration. The interval between these two end points has been termed the 'rainfall window'. A closed form expression for its length is given subsequently, and its response to rainfall events subject to Clausius-Clapeyron scaling will be discussed. An IDF relationship of the formis assumed, with r the rainfall intensity, td the storm duration and f the Clausius-Clapeyron scaling factor (parameters s = 0.0597 m and b = 540 s in the examples below). Using a Green-Ampt type infiltration model and assuming p = 1, the following closed form expression has been derived:with Ksv vertical saturated permeability and Sav averaged suction at the wetting front.The Clausius-Clapeyron relationship, i.e. a 7% increase in rainfall depth per additional degree centigrade of warming, may yield an order of magnitude of what to expect from climate change. Here, f = 1.07 will be assumed for 1 K increase in temperature, and f = 1.14 for 2 K.The examples given here use a present-day IDF relationship of 20 years' return interval (roughly valid in the Austrian Alps) and initial loss of 0.5 mm. The rainfall window was computed using soil data from Columbia sandy loam, Guelph loam and Ida silt loam. Future warming was assumed as 1.0 and 2.0 K, resp.In the case of the most pervious soil of the three (Columbia sandy loam, vertical saturated permeability Ksv = 0.0139 mm/s) the (short) rainfall window showed a length of 22 min (present), 27 min (1 K warming) and 31 min (2K), an increase of 22% and 43%, resp.The 'medium' soil, Guelph loam (Ksv = 0.00367 mm/s), started from a window length of 109 min (present), rising to 123 min and 138 min for 1K and 2K resp. (increases of 13% and 26%).In case of the finest soil, Ida silt loam (Ksv = 0.000292 mm/s), the overland flow generating window of rainfall was longest and amounted to 44 h (present), 48 h (1K: 9% increase) and 52 h (17% increase).In conclusion it may be stated that notable increases in the overland flow generating rainfall window are to be expected due to future warming. Overland flow events tend to become more frequent as more storms will qualify as triggers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".