THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE WAYS OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION: NATIONAL AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article is determined to Alternative dispute resolution and their features. The system of out-of-court dispute resolution or alternative dispute resolution mechanisms - ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) - has existed in many foreign countries for many decades. The concept of ADR implies a wide range of dispute resolution mechanisms that do not duplicate litigation and are their alternative. The institute of alternative dispute resolution originates from ancient times. At certain periods of its historical development, various forms of dispute resolution arose in society, they represented a whole system of methods and procedures capable of resolving a conflict situation. The analysis of the emergence and development of the institute of alternative dispute resolution on the example of foreign countries (USA, Canada, India, Germany, Italy, Spain, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan) and Uzbekistan, as well as its current state, is carried out. The first special laws regulating alternative procedures are given. The United States as the first country to have various programs for the development of alternative dispute resolution procedures. The author has studied the application of alternative dispute resolution in Uzbekistan (mahalla, arbitration courts, mediation). Having analyzed the development of the ADR in Uzbekistan and in foreign countries, the author noted the features of this institute.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".