Morphological Abnormalities in Early-Onset Schizophrenia Revealed by Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a pathological condition characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and a lack of motivation. In this study, we performed a morphological analysis of regional biomarkers in early-onset schizophrenia, including cortical thicknesses, surface areas, surface curvature, and volumes extracted from T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and compared these findings with a large cohort of neurotypical controls. Results demonstrate statistically significant abnormal presentation of the curvature of select brain regions in early-onset schizophrenia with large effect sizes, inclusive of the pars orbitalis, pars triangularis, posterior cingulate cortex, frontal pole, orbital gyrus, lateral orbitofrontal gyrus, inferior occipital gyrus, as well as in medial occipito-temporal, lingual, and insular sulci. We also observed reduced regional volumes, surface areas, and variability of cortical thicknesses in early-onset schizophrenia relative to neurotypical controls in the lingual, transverse temporal, cuneus, and parahippocampal cortices that did not reach our stringent standard for statistical significance and should be confirmed in future studies with higher statistical power. These results imply that abnormal neurodevelopment associated with early-onset schizophrenia can be characterized with structural MRI and may reflect abnormal and possibly accelerated pruning of the cortex in schizophrenia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".