Evaluation of the ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer in children with optic neuritis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
IntroductIonOptic neuritis (ON) is an acquired inflammatory process leading to a sudden, usually unilateral and reversible decrease in visual acuity [1].The condition is quite rare in children, and based on a survey of children in Canada, the estimated annual incidence of ON in children is 0.2 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval: 0.16-0.3)[2].No studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of ON in the pediatric population in Poland.Depending on the location of the inflammatory process and the local picture, we distinguish: intraocular optic neuritis (the most common type of optic neuritis in the pediatric population) [3], retrobulbar ON, and inflammation of the optic nerve and retina (neuroretinitis).Optic neuritis among pediatric patients can be an idiopathic, isolated event or an autoimmune response to infection.However, it may also be a manifestation of an ongoing systemic demyelinating process.In younger children optic neuritis is most commonly seen after infection, immunization or as part of an acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) [4,5] Among older children, aged over 10-12 years, optic neuritis is often associated with a primary demyelinating disease such as MS or optic neuritis and myelitis (NMO) [6,7].Clinical manifestations of ON include decreased visual acuity, eye pain, relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD), visual field loss, swelling of the optic nerve disc, photopsia (flickering or flashes of light), and loss of color vision disproportional to the loss of visual acuity.Pediatric patients diagnosed with optic neuritis require not only ophthalmologic, but also a comprehensive general medical examination.It is necessary to exclude CNS compressive lesions and systemic diseases (metabolic, infectious, autoimmune), in the course of which ON is only one ABSTRACTAim of the study: To assess the influence of optic neuritis in children on the thickness of the ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer in six individual segments of the central retina in optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination of the retina and the optic nerve. Material and methods:The study group consisted of 34 eyes of 26 children hospitalized at the Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology of the University Clinical Center of Prof. K. Gibiński in Katowice due to unilateral or bilateral retrobulbar optic neuritis.The comparative group consisted of 40 eyes of 22 children hospitalized for impairments other than of the visual pathway.Each child had the best distance corrected visual acuity (V) and intraocular pressure (IOP) checked, assessment of the anterior and posterior segment of the eyeball in a biomicroscope before and after pupil dilation, OCT of the macula and optic nerve disc, and ocular biometry.In the study group, all examinations, including OCT, were repeated after 6 months.Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in the mean GCL + IPL thickness and GCL + IPL thickness in the following segments: superior temporal, superior nasal, inferior temporal and inferior nasal measured after recovery, compared to the measurements performed during optic neuritis.Similar results were recorded for the average RNFL thickness.Conclusions: After optic neuritis in children, the thickness of the GCL+ IPL is reduced only in some segments of the central retina in the OCT.The greatest decrease occurs in the upper and lower nasal segments.Research on a larger group of patients is necessary.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".