Preliminary Study on Supersonic Two-phase Expansion Refrigeration Technology in Liquid Hydrogen Temperature Region
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As a clean energy carrier, hydrogen has attracted extensive international attention.Hydrogen liquefaction is the key solution of large-scale utilization of hydrogen energy.How to realize the high-efficiency and low-cost liquefaction of hydrogen is one of the key technologies that need to be solved urgently.In the current mainstream hydrogen liquefaction technology, the highspeed rotating turbine may have an adverse impact on the stable operation of the bearing.Therefore, the supersonic two-phase expander in liquid hydrogen temperature zone is innovatively employed for the first time to complete expansion refrigeration, condensation phase change, gas-liquid separation and pressure recovery in a compact space.It has the advantages of gas-liquid two-phase operation, direct liquefaction, easy high power, simple structure and low processing cost.In the hydrogen supersonic two-phase expander, Laval nozzle is the key component.The main research contents in this paper include: (1) Establish the design criteria of hydrogen Laval nozzles.(2) The design law of hydrogen Laval nozzles under different working conditions.(3) The cooling characteristics of hydrogen Laval nozzles under different operating conditions.This paper preliminarily investigates the liquefaction possibility of supersonic two-phase expansion refrigeration technology in liquid hydrogen temperature region, and supports the development of new hydrogen liquefaction technology.It has important strategic value for promoting the realization of carbon neutralization goal in clean energy industry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".