Investigation of prehistoric landslide dams in the central Andes of Chile and Argentina
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Large volume landslides are common features in the high-topography Andes of central Chile and Argentina (31°-35°S). Many of these landslide deposits, mostly dating from Late Pleistocene to Holocene and related to a combination of deglaciation effects, seismicity and climate pattern changes, were large enough to block the glacial valleys and form landslide dams, some of which remain holding lakes until today. In this paper, we review and investigate some conspicuous landslide dams deposits from prehistoric times in the Andes Main Range in Chile and Argentina and the Andes Frontal Range in Argentina. A bibliographic review is followed by remote sensing analysis to obtain the main morphometric parameters of the landslides and the dams, complemented with field investigations in some of them. The landslide dams related with the rock slope failures of Portillo (1.1 km3, ~13 ka), Salto del Soldado (0.2 km3, 14- 9 Ka) Mesón Alto (4.3 km3, 4.7 Ka), Cortaderas-San Nicolás (2.4 km3, Holocene) and the Pangal complex (0.3 km3 , 40-11 ka) in the Chilean Western slope and the Laguna Blanca (81 hm3, ~12 ka), Horcones (0.35 km3, ~11-8 Ka), Negro (~18 Ka), Amarillo (~8Ka), and Laguna Atuel (56 hm3,~3 Ka) landslides in the Argentinean Eastern slope are described. Eldest rock avalanches associated with a seismic triggering mechanism that generate dammed lakes were previously studied in the Central Argentinean Andes such as Tigre Dormido (1.7 km3, ~46 Ka), Placetas Amarillas (1.6 km3, ~150 ka), and Piedras Blancas (0.89 km3, ~130 Ka). In these cases, the fine lake sequences reach 30 m in thickness but no outburst terraces were identified downstream, hardly supporting their catastrophic drainage.In both Chile and Argentina, most preserved damming collapses correspond in general to huge rock avalanches, even though some slides and debris flows also blocked narrow valleys. In general, studied ancient dams are isolated in mountain remote areas but they show evidences of catastrophic ruptures that emphases their importance in the cascade hazard scenarios. While the large majority of identified dams in the region are thousands of years old, some historic cases show that these processes still occur and pose a geological hazard. Given the large area that can be affected by outburst floods downstream the usually remote landslide sites, potentially impacting villages as well as mining, energy, and transportation infrastructure, these geohazards must be considered in risk reduction strategies in the Andean region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".