Behavior of Flare-associated Suprathermal Ions at Coronal Mass Ejections observed with Solar Orbiter at 0.5 AU
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Flare-associated particles from so-called impulsive events might be efficiently reaccelerated in gradual Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events which are typically related to coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The existence and characteristics of such a flare-associated seed population might play a key role for understanding the high variability in particle intensity under comparable CME speeds and solar wind conditions. Understanding this variability will improve predictions of large gradual SEP events that cause a severe risk for satellite and even ground-based infrastructure. We analyze a sequence of impulsive and subsequent gradual events that occurred between 5 and 11 March 2022 and were measured in-situ with Solar Orbiter at a close distance of 0.5 AU to the Sun. We study in detail the behavior of suprathermal ions during the events and relate it to the ambient solar wind plasma properties and remote-sensing observations of the respective flares and CMEs observed from SOHO, SDO, and Solar Orbiter. We find in particular a strong local enhancement of suprathermal flare-associated ions that are trapped for several hours between two ICME structures and provide therefore a natural reservoir of seed particles that can be efficiently further accelerated in ambient compression regions or occurring shocks on their way out to 1 AU. 
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".