The polarisation state of transionospheric radio waves detected by RRI on Swarm-E
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Radio Receiver Instrument (RRI) on-board the Swarm-E satellite is used to determine the full polarisation state of transionospheric radio waves. Co-ordinated experiments between ground transmitters and RRI have shown that the detected radio waves can have ellipticity that varies from linearly to circularly polarised when observed poleward of the transmitter at low elevations. Circular polarisation states are expected for waves propagating traverse to the local geometric field; however, these circular states were observed over a much wider range of aspect angles than expected. The present study compares the results of radio transmissions from the Saskatoon SuperDARN radar with a transionospheric radio wave model to estimate the relative strengths of received O- and X-mode waves along the satellite track. At selected low elevations, the X-mode of the radio wave dominates over the O-mode, resulting in a circular ellipticity, although the propagation is not transverse to the magnetic field. This work presents new ways to utilize ellipticity polarisation observations of radio waves to better understand the structure of the ionosphere, complementing Faraday rotation observations which have been extensively used.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".