The Independent Association of Plasma and Red Blood Cell Zinc Concentrations with Long-Term Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plasma and RBC zinc values are unrelated in hospitalized patients. The independent association of these values with important patient outcomes is unknown. Measure the independent association of plasma and RBC zinc with outcomes in hospitalized patients. Plasma and RBC zinc concentrations were prospectively measured within 48 h of hospitalization in consenting patients. Data were linked deterministically with population-based health administrative data to measure each association of zinc measures with 2 outcomes (time to death from any cause and likelihood of death or urgent readmission to hospital within 30-d of discharge) after adjusting for validated outcome risk scores. In total, 250 people admitted to medical services were studied. Patients were ill with a 1-y baseline expected death risk (IQR) of 19.9% (6.3%–37.2%). The observed 1-y and 2-y all-cause death risks were 24.5% (95% CI: 19.6%, 30.3%) and 33.2% (95% CI: 27.3%, 39.9%), respectively. Death risk increased significantly as plasma zinc concentrations decreased (P = 0.0001). This association persisted even after adjusting for the baseline expected death risk (P = 0.02) with every 2-μmol/L decrease in plasma zinc concentrations being independently associated with, on average, a 35% increase in the death risk. RBC zinc concentrations were not associated with the death risk. Neither plasma nor RBC zinc concentrations were significantly associated with the 30-d death or urgent readmission rate. Plasma, but not RBC, zinc concentrations are independently associated with the all-cause death risk in hospitalized medical patients. Further study is required to determine whether this association is causal and identify its potential causal pathways. Curr Dev Nutr 2023;x:xx.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".