Development of Superpermeable Wood-Based Forward Osmosis Membranes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Novel lignin-based membranes with excellent water permeability and salt rejection characteristics were developed for forward osmosis (FO) processes. The fabricated membranes are composed of three layers: (i) a bottom layer of nanofibrous electrospun sulfonated kraft lignin (SKL) (70 wt %) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) (30 wt %), (ii) an intermediate layer of PVA-glutaraldehyde (GA) hydrogel, and (iii) a top thin film of a selective polyamide (PA) layer. We coated the SKL-PVA support surface with four different PVA hydrogel concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 wt %). Increasing the concentration of the PVA hydrogel, the thickness of the deposited layer was increased accordingly. After forming the PA layer on top of the PVA hydrogel layer by the interfacial polymerization reaction, lignin-based thin film composite (LTFC-X) membranes were obtained, in which X denotes the PVA hydrogel concentration. According to the cross-sectional TEM images, the thickness of the deposited PA layer dropped from 450 nm on the LTFC-0.25 membrane to less than 60 nm in the LTFC-1 membrane. However, a further increase in the PVA hydrogel concentration enhanced the PA layer thickness to over 250 nm. Among all synthesized membranes, the LTFC-0.5 membrane demonstrated the lowest structural parameter ( S ) of 191.67 ± 5.88 μm, resulting in a minimal internal concentration polarization in this membrane. The FO performances of membranes were evaluated in two different configurations: the active PA layer facing the feed solution (ALFS) and the PA layer facing the draw solution (ALDS). The LTFC-0.5 membrane provided maximum water flux ( J w ) in both ALDS (61.33 ± 2.85 LMH) and ALFS (56.60 ± 2.99 LMH) modes. The LTFC-0.5 membrane also showed the lowest specific salt flux ( J s / J w ) of 0.087 ± 0.004 g/L among all fabricated membranes in the ALDS mode. However, the LTFC-1 membrane provided the best performance in the ALFS mode with a minimum J s / J w value of 0.090 ± 0.011 g/L.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".