Phylogeny of the flea beetles (Galerucinae: Alticini) and the position of <i>Aulacothorax</i> elucidated through anchored phylogenomics (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Alticini comprise 601 genera and 10,000 species, including plant pests. Their phylogeny remains largely unresolved, inhibiting taxonomic stability, specimen identification and biological understanding. Here, we generated a genomic dataset using Anchored Hybrid Enrichment (AHE) for 54 genera of Alticini, 16 of Galerucini, and 40 of other Chrysomelidae to test the monophyly of Alticini, and its genus groups, and to examine the utility of established diagnostic characters. Maximum likelihood and coalescent phylogenetic analyses produced resolved and overall congruent topologies. Synetinae was sister to Cassidinae + Eumolpinae + Lamprosomatinae + Cryptocephalinae, supporting its recognition as valid. Within Galerucinae, Aulacothorax Boheman was found as sister to Galerucini + Alticini (each monophyletic). Tribe Serraticollini White stat. rev. is reinstated as valid, as the oldest available name for the higher lineage containing Aulacothorax . We extend Crowson's classification, with Alticini, Galerucini, and Serraticollini united under Galerucinae. We transfer genera Chalaenosoma Jacoby, Demarchus Jacoby, and Mandarella Duvivier from Alticini to Galerucini incertae sedis , and confirm prior transfers of Hespera Weise, Luperomorpha Weise and Nonarthra Baly from Alticini to Galerucini incertae sedis . Galerucini and Alticini are reciprocally monophyletic following these transfers. Our work recovered multiple evolutionary origins of jumping hind legs in Galerucinae, hindering straightforward morphological diagnosis of tribes. We provide diagnoses for Alticini, Galerucini and Galerucinae, but these require dissection of female genitalia. We achieved some phylogenetic resolution within Alticini, but found few adult morphological characters to define subclades. Our results indicate that with future denser taxon sampling, AHE phylogenomics could provide a robust basis for subtribal classifications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".