Before a Failing Breeze: Sailing Labor in the Final Years of Sail on the Great Lakes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sailing commerce on the Great Lakes underwent a protracted decline between the mid-1870s and its ultimate disappearance in 1931. In its final half-century, the pressures of economic marginalization, falling profit margins, novel marine technologies, and the emergence of distinct steam and sail maritime labor sectors all resulted in a radical redefinition and changes to nearly all aspects of the sailor’s experience. This paper will explain how the experience and occupation of the seaman changed in response to these pressures. Le commerce de la voile sur les Grands Lacs a connu un ralentissement prolongé du milieu des années 1870 à sa disparition définitive en 1931. Au cours de son dernier demi-siècle, les pressions exercées par la marginalization économique, la baisse des marges bénéficiaires, les Nouvelles technologies marines et l’apparition de secteurs distincts de la main-d’oeuvre maritime à vapeur et à voile ont provoqué une redéfinition fondamentale et des changements dans presque tous les aspects de l’expérience des marins. Cet article explique comment l’expérience et la profession des marins ont évolué en réaction à ces pressions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Other About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Not applicable | low |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Other design | high |
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.018 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedLabeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.
The models disagree on parts of this classification; every voice is preserved in the section at the end of the page.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".