Photochemical Anchoring of Singly Er<sup>3+</sup> Ion-Doped NaYF<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticles for Scalable Fabrication of Single-Photon Emitting Devices: Implications for Quantum Light Sources in the Telecom Window
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Scalable methods to access single-photon sources on demand are highly sought after. As a potential strategy, we demonstrate the optical trapping and chemical anchoring of NaYF 4 nanoparticles (NPs) and NaYF 4 NPs doped with on average a single Er 3+ ion. The anchoring method we present involves surface coating the NPs with thiol-functionalized phospholipids, where the thiol group is protected with a chemical group photoremovable at 340 nm 2-bromo-4′-hydroxyacetophenone. Functionalized NPs are trapped optically in a gold double-nanohole aperture using a 980 nm laser. A 340 nm light beam is focused on the particle, resulting in deprotection of the thiol groups and attachment of the thiols to the gold surface, permanently anchoring the NPs. Electron microscopic imaging proves the successful anchoring after removal of the trapping laser, 340 nm light source, and solvent. The approach is promising for reliably fabricating a single-photon emitting material in a scalable and potentially automatable manner.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".