Analysis of Rainfall, Wind Speed and Streamflow Trends and Their Relationships in the Klip River Catchment, Alfred Duma Municipality, South Africa
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ladysmith, a town in South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal province, has experienced flooding almost every year since 1884, resulting in temporary water shortages as well as the loss of lives, properties, and businesses.Ladysmith is a major economic, financial, and administrative hub for both the Alfred Duma municipality and the uThukela District Municipality.This study aimed to study the relationships between rainfall, wind speed, and streamflow trends in the Klip River catchment.The monthly, seasonal and annual trends were studied using the Mann-Kendall test.The study's findings revealed both decreasing and increasing trends in all streamflow, wind speed and rainfall.Streamflow and wind speed increased in most months, while rainfall had an equal combination of both increasing and decreasing trends throughout the year.The average annual streamflow decreased at a rate of -1.39 m 3 /s, rainfall at -3.05 mm, whereas wind speed increased by 3.68 m/s.On a seasonal scale, streamflow showed a decrease in spring and summer, whereas rainfall increased in the same seasons.In contrast, wind speed showed an increasing trend in all seasons.These results could be helpful in the planning and development of sustainable flood mitigation strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".