An Ensemble-Based Machine Learning Model for Forecasting Network Traffic in VANET
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), as the most significant element of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), have the potential to enhance traffic efficiency and road safety by making the transportation system smarter and are still at the initial point of development. In this paper, we propose an ensemble-based machine learning model for network traffic prediction in VANET. We take advantage of Ensemble Learning (EL), which combines different Machine Learning (ML) models to achieve better performance and improve accuracy. We consider the most informative attributes of the VANET dataset using Boruta and LightGBM as ensemble feature selection methods. Our proposed model is based on Stacking Ensemble Learning with Booster Model (STK–EBM) designed with a stacking ensemble of heterogeneous ML models. The framework of the proposed model consists of two layers, including a base layer and a meta layer. The first layer integrates Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and XGBoost as a booster of the base learners. An optimized Logistic Regression (LR) employs as our meta learner in the second layer. We evaluate the performance of our model considering classification metrics and then compare it with the most popular traffic predictive models. Simulation results show that the STK–EBM model gives a more stable prediction than the single algorithm, as well as better overall performance in terms of prediction accuracy and execution time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".