Phase Behavior of Hexane/Water/Bitumen Systems with Applications to Solvent-Aided Thermal Recovery Processes of Bitumen
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this work, we studied the phase equilibrium of the normal-hexane, water, and Mackay River bitumen ternary system at operating conditions applicable to the solvent-assisted thermal recovery process. The viscosities of the hydrocarbon-rich (oleic) and water-rich (aqueous) phases were measured at three temperatures 200, 205, and 210 °C and a pressure of 2.5 MPa. The concentration of solvent (n-C6) in the hexane/water (steam) mixture was maintained at 1 mol.% (6.85 vol.%). The proportion of bitumen in the bitumen/solvent mixture was chosen to achieve a hexane concentration of 70 mol.% (37.45 vol. %), near the maximum solubility of hexane in bitumen at test conditions. The results reveal the formation of a vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium (VLLE) at the studied conditions. The dilution effect of hexane on viscosity reduction was found to be dominant over the temperature effect at the test conditions (T > 200 °C). The findings also indicate that solvent content of the vapor phase decreases with temperature. Trace amount of solvent (~ 100 ppm) was found in the aqueous phase. The results improve our understanding of the complex phase behavior associated with solvent-aided recovery processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".