Supplemental Material for Comparing Visual Memories to Similar Visual Inputs Risks Lasting Memory Distortion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Memory bias in Experiment 1 for all confidence levelsExperiment S1: Report biases following perceptual comparisons in a 2AFC paradigm Memory bias in Experiment 2 for all confidence levels two-way response distribution away from the first similar probe (Figure S1B; M = -1.45,95% CI [-2.53, -0.36], t(31) = -2.73,p = 0.011, Cohen's d = -0.48,BF10 = 4.24).The absolute magnitude of the bias observed in the one-way condition was larger than that in the two-way condition (DM = 3.27, 95% CI [1.24, 5.31], t(31) = 3.28, p = 0.003, Cohen's d = 0.58, BF10 = 1.41 x 10).Thus, we again conclude that perceptual comparisons induced reliable biases in memories of real-world objects.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".